Introduction
to Glycolysis
What's the point of all the phosporylation?
So far we have ignored the fact that the majority of intermediates
on the pathway are phosphorylated. In fact ATP has to be temporarily
invested to add phosphate groups. Here are several important
advantages to phosphorylation:
- Transport. Cells often have transport systems built
into their membranes for uptake of fuel molecules such as glucose.
Phosphorylated glucose is no longer recognised by the glucose transport
system and is therefore trapped in the cell.
- Binding. Substrates must be recognised by the active site
of the enzyme which operates on them. There are two factors which
affect this - shape and charge distribution. The strength of the
interation can depend much on the charges. Monosacharides have polar
bonds, allowing distinctive hydrogen bonds to form. This allows an
enzyme to be highly specific. However, to provide a strong interaction
between substrate and enzyme a large, electrically charged functional
group is needed. So a phosphate group is a useful handle on to the
substrate. This is particularly true of three carbon sugars which are
capable of forming only a small number of hydrogen bonds with the active
site of an enzyme.
- Synthesis of ATP. At one crucial step in glycolysis
inorganic phosphate is used to phosphorylate the substrate. In the
subsequent step the phosphate is transfered to ADP to make ATP. This
form of ATP synthesis is called substrate level phosphorylation because
the phosphate group is tranfered to ADP directly from the substrate.
- Control & Efficiency. Phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation steps may be arranged which are irreversible. These
can be placed at the start and finish of a pathway to aid efficiency.
It's advantageous to prevent an equilibrium situation occuring where
glucose or intermediates are left unprocessed. This would occur if the
total free energy change were evenly distributed across all the steps.
The irreversible steps are also good control points. If the enzyme is
switched on the product is commited to the pathway. If the enzyme is
switched off any product left in the system will be 'pulled' through by
the irreversible step at the end.
Author: Jon Maber
j.r.maber@leeds.ac.uk
Dept
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Leeds, U.K.